Key takeaway: HMRC’s Targeted Anti-Avoidance Rule (TAAR) for capital distributions from close companies treats a winding-up distribution as a dividend subject to income tax — rather than a capital gain — where the arrangement is designed to avoid income tax. With dividend tax at 35.75% for higher rate taxpayers and CGT at 24%, the incentive to extract value through a voluntary liquidation rather than a dividend is significant. Advisers who do not understand the TAAR conditions risk structuring arrangements for director clients that HMRC will reclassify, with large tax bills and penalties following. BrightTax supports the self-assessment return where capital distributions are correctly reported — helping practices ensure the tax treatment aligns with the substance of the transaction.
The tension between dividend tax and capital gains tax rates is not new, but the gap widened materially when dividend rates rose by 2 percentage points in April 2026. A higher rate taxpayer receiving a dividend now pays 35.75p in every pound above the dividend allowance. The same amount extracted as a capital gain — through a business sale, a genuine winding-up, or a distribution from a liquidated company — attracts CGT at 24% (or 18% for BADR-qualifying disposals). The difference is 11.75 to 17.75 percentage points per pound.
This gap creates an obvious incentive to structure profit extractions as capital rather than income. Where the structure involves winding up the company, extracting the retained profits as a capital distribution, and then continuing the same business through a new vehicle, HMRC treats it as an artificial transaction and applies income tax instead. The TAAR is the legislative mechanism for this reclassification.
What the TAAR Covers
The TAAR applies to distributions received by individuals on or after 6 April 2016 from close companies on a winding-up, where four conditions are met:
Condition A: The individual receives a distribution from a company that is being wound up.
Condition B: The individual (alone or with connected persons) has at least a 5% interest in the company.
Condition C: Within two years of the distribution, the individual (or a connected person) is involved in a similar trade or activity — whether as a sole trader, partner, shareholder in another close company, or employee in a connected business.
Condition D: It is reasonable to assume, having regard to all the circumstances, that the main purpose (or one of the main purposes) of the winding-up is the avoidance or reduction of income tax.
Where all four conditions are met, the distribution is treated as a dividend, subject to income tax at the individual’s marginal dividend tax rate. The capital gains tax treatment that would otherwise apply to a winding-up distribution is disapplied.
The most important condition in practice is Condition D — the purposive test. HMRC must prove that income tax avoidance was a main purpose of the arrangement. This is a facts-and-circumstances assessment, and HMRC has stated in its guidance that it will look at the totality of the arrangement: why the company is being wound up, what the individual does afterwards, how quickly they resume activity, and whether there is a genuine commercial reason for the winding-up that is independent of the tax saving.
Legitimate MVLs and the Line Between Them
A Members’ Voluntary Liquidation (MVL) is a legitimate and commonly used mechanism for closing a solvent company. Where a director genuinely wants to close the business — because they are retiring, because the business has run its course, or because they want to extract accumulated profits as part of a genuine change in their working arrangements — the MVL distributes the company’s assets as a capital distribution and CGT applies.
The TAAR does not prevent MVLs. It prevents arrangements where the MVL is a structure to convert what would otherwise be a dividend into a capital gain, and where the same business continues in substance under a different vehicle. The question advisers must be able to answer is: is there a genuine commercial reason for winding this company up?
Factors that support genuine commercial purpose and reduce TAAR risk include: the individual is genuinely retiring or ceasing the relevant activity; the business is being sold as a going concern; there is a significant gap between the winding-up and any resumption of similar activity; the winding-up follows a material change in the business; and the company has a history of paying dividends rather than accumulating profits specifically for an eventual capital extraction.
Factors that increase TAAR risk include: the individual continues the same activity in a new company formed shortly before or after the winding-up; the winding-up occurs shortly after a dividend tax rate increase; the company has accumulated large retained profits without a clear business reason; and the individual structures their departure in a way that technically satisfies the two-year condition whilst functionally continuing the same activity.
The Role of the Adviser
For accountants advising owner-managed businesses on exits, the TAAR conversation should be part of every MVL engagement. The questions to address with the client are: what are you doing after the winding-up, and why is winding up the company the right approach rather than continued dividend extraction?
Where the client has a genuine commercial reason for the MVL and intends a material change in their activity, the TAAR should not apply and the distribution should qualify for capital gains treatment. Where the client intends to continue similar work — particularly if they plan to set up a new company quickly — the TAAR risk is real and the adviser should model both outcomes: CGT treatment if HMRC accepts the commercial purpose, and income tax treatment if they do not.
Advisers should document the commercial rationale for the MVL clearly in their files. If HMRC enquires, the existence of a documented commercial purpose — supported by client communications, board minutes, and the chronology of the winding-up — is the best defence.
BrightTax handles the self-assessment return for director clients receiving winding-up distributions, including the capital gains calculation where the distribution qualifies for CGT treatment, the BADR claim where applicable, and — where the TAAR applies or the position is disputed — the correct income tax treatment of a distribution reclassified as a dividend.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the TAAR for company winding-up distributions?
The Targeted Anti-Avoidance Rule (TAAR) prevents individuals from treating a winding-up distribution as a capital gain where the purpose of the arrangement is to avoid income tax. Where the TAAR applies, the distribution is treated as a dividend subject to income tax at the individual’s marginal dividend rate, rather than as a capital gain subject to CGT.
What are the conditions for the TAAR to apply?
The TAAR requires: a winding-up distribution to an individual with at least a 5% interest in a close company; the individual (or a connected person) resuming a similar trade or activity within two years; and it being reasonable to assume that avoiding income tax was a main purpose of the arrangement.
Does the TAAR prevent all Members’ Voluntary Liquidations?
No. The TAAR targets arrangements where the MVL’s purpose is income tax avoidance. Genuine MVLs — where there is a real commercial reason for closing the company — should not be caught. The key issue is whether the individual intends to continue similar activity in a new vehicle, and whether the MVL has a substantive commercial purpose beyond converting a dividend into a capital gain.
What is “phoenixism” and how does it relate to the TAAR?
Phoenixism refers to the practice of winding up a company to extract accumulated profits at capital gains rates, and then immediately starting the same business in a new company. The TAAR specifically targets this pattern. An individual who closes their consultancy company, extracts the retained profits as a capital distribution, and immediately starts a new consultancy company faces a high risk that HMRC will apply the TAAR and reclassify the distribution as a dividend.
What documentation should advisers prepare for an MVL to defend against a TAAR challenge?
Advisers should document: the commercial rationale for the winding-up; any material change in the client’s activities post-winding-up; the timeline of the decision; and any business reasons for closing the company that are independent of the tax outcome. Board minutes, client correspondence, and the history of dividend extraction from the company are all relevant.
BrightTax handles the self-assessment return for clients with company winding-up distributions — including CGT calculations, BADR claims, and the correct income tax treatment where the TAAR applies. Find out more about BrightTax or speak to your account manager.
